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June 13, 2005
Child(1972)
John Child. "Organizational Structure, environment and Performance: The
Role of Strategic Choice". Sociology, Vol.6, pp.1-23, 1972.
基本的にはコンティンジェンシー理論の枠組みで考えられる研究と位置づけられる．
組織の構造が，コンテキストに関する変数による経済的な制約から決定されるということ，従来のモデルには戦略的行動を決定する権力者の視点が欠けているこ
と，戦略的選択は組織の構造的な形態だけでなく環境の性質の操作やパフォーマンス基準の選択の概念も含まれていることの，3つが論旨だと思う．
組織構造の定義．
まあ，この時代はこんな感じだよな．
'Organizational structure' is defined as the formal
allocation of work roles and the administrative mechanisms to control
and integrate work activities including those which cross formal
organizational boundaries.Child(1972) pp.2
組織構造の多様性についての説明に関する3つの要因として，(1)環境の状況，(2)テクノロジー，(3)組織のサイズをあげている．
There are three particularly infuluential arguments
relevant to an explanation of variation in organizational structure.
Each postulates the effects of a major contextual factor. The first
argument is from environment, in which environmental conditions are
posited as critical constraints upon the choice of effective structurel
forms. The second and third arguments single out the influence on
structure of two physical organizational attributes: technology and
size.Child(1972) pp.2-3
官僚制と組織の規模のついての議論．
官僚的性質は小規模な組織には現れ得ないと．命題用のメモと．
The argument from size has a long history within
organizational theory. Weber (1947) in his classic analysis of
bureaucracy, did not believe that bureaucratic characteristics would be
present within small organizations. More recent research evidence
appears to lend strong support to this view.
Child(1972) pp.6
環境について．
ぼくなんかは，制御不能なシステムの外と考えるのだけど，ここでのそれは，選択しうる意思決定の内容の一部として規定されている．
このへんは違和感を覚えるとこだ．
To summarize, we have argued that the analysis of
organization and environment must recognize the exercise of choice by
organizational decision-makers. They may well have some power to
'enact' their organization's environment, as Weick has put it (1969: 63
ff).
Child(1972) pp.10
これについては
In view of these essentially strategic and politicalと書かれていて，open system theoretistとはだいぶ立場が違うよ，とChildはいっている．
factors, environmental conditions cannot be regarded as a direct source
of variation in organizational structure, as open system theoretist
often imply.
Child(1972) pp.10
ほう，違和感の源泉はここか．
Childはむしろ，環境と組織との関係を考えるときに意思決定(戦略的選択)の面からアプローチしている．どの環境にどの組織の構造でもって挑めば，適応できるのか，そういう考え方をしている．
であるから，
The term 'decision-makers' has been employed to refer to意思決定を実行する意思決定者についても関心があり，こういった政治的な要因を考慮する必要が出てくるといっている．
the power-holding group on the basis that it is normally possible
within work organizations to identify inequalities of power which are
reflected in a differential abiliti to raise questions on the subject
in the first place.
Child(1972) pp.13
Childの考え方はChandlerとほぼ同じであろう．
Chandler's insight lies at the heart of the argument being
developed in this paper. 'Strategy', he writes (p.13), 'can be defined
as teh determination of the basic long-term goals and objectives of an
enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of
resources necessary for carrying out these goals. Decisions to expand
the volume of activities, to set up distant plants and offices, to move
into new economic functions, or become diversified along many lines of
business, involve the defining of new basic goals'.
Child(1972) pp.13
つまり，組織は戦略に従い，意思決定者の策定した戦略は組織と環境に関するものから構成されているのだ．
ちょっと思ったことメモ．
このように科学的で，完全合理的なアプローチをその思想的背景をするのがコンティンジェンシー理論の特徴ではないかな．
この論文からの枝葉．
- Levine, S. and White P. E.. "Exchange as a Conceptual Framework
for the Study of Interorganizational Relationships". Administrative
Science Quarterly, Vol.5, pp.583-601, 1961. # 組織の環境の定義について - Pugh,
D. S. et al. "The Context of Organization Structures". Adminsitrative
Science Quarterly, Vol.14, pp.91-114, 1969. # 官僚制について
Posted by ysk5 at June 13, 2005 12:17 PM
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